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The archipelago is split between the Independent State of Samoa (formerly Western Samoa) and American Samoa, a U.S. territory. The islands are of volcanic origin, with mountainous interiors and fertile coastal areas. Samoa includes the larger islands of Savai’i and…
Tonga was first inhabited roughly 2,500 years ago by the Lapita civilization, Polynesian settlers who gradually evolved a distinct and strong ethnic identity, language, and culture as the Tongan people. They quickly established a powerful footing across the South Pacific,…
A ridge under the northern Atlantic Ocean was first inferred by Matthew Fontaine Maury in 1853, based on soundings by the USS Dolphin. The existence of the ridge and its extension into the South Atlantic was confirmed during the expedition of HMS Challenger in 1872. A team…
Salta is a provincial capital in mountainous northwestern Argentina. Founded in 1582, it’s known for its Spanish colonial architecture and Andean heritage. The city centers on Plaza 9 de Julio, an elegant, cafe-lined square bordered by the neoclassical Salta Cathedral…
Vanuatu was first inhabited by Melanesian people. The first Europeans to visit the islands were a Spanish expedition led by Portuguese navigator Fernandes de Queirós, who arrived on the largest island, Espíritu Santo, in 1606. Queirós claimed the archipelago for…
Sicily is named after the Sicels, who inhabited the eastern part of the island during the Iron Age. Sicily has a rich and unique culture in arts, music, literature, cuisine, and architecture. Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna, the…
Vanuatu was first inhabited by Melanesian people. The first Europeans to visit the islands were a Spanish expedition led by Portuguese navigator Fernandes de Queirós, who arrived on the largest island, Espíritu Santo, in 1606. Queirós claimed the archipelago for…
The South Shetland Islands are a chain of 11 major Antarctic islands and numerous islets located about 120 km north of the Antarctic Peninsula. Discovered in 1819, they are heavily glaciated, volcanic, and rich in wildlife like penguins, seals, and…
The Kuril Islands consist of the Greater Kuril Chain and, at the southwest end, the parallel Lesser Kuril Chain. The group termed the ‘South Kurils’ consists of those of the Lesser Kuril Chain together with Kunashir and Iturup in the…
The Strait of Gibraltar, also known as the Straits of Gibraltar, is a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Europe from Africa. The two continents are separated by 7.7 nautical miles at its…
